Corporate finance 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Corporate finance 2 - Essay Example Last but not the least the third group lauds large dividends as positive signal to shareholders that all is well. So where does the modern shareholder satisfaction stand in relation to dividend policies? Another query which relates to this discussion is how signaling models attempt to explain the proportion of equity retained by an entrepreneur, the type of financing used for an investment and the amount of equity issued or repurchased. The issue then pertains to information asymmetry (availability of information).Firstly if we look at Dividend policy it was well put by Black 1976 (cited by Frankfurter 2002), â€Å"That the nearly universal policy of paying substantial dividends is the primary puzzle in the economics of corporate finance.† Thus the proposition leads us to the query whether shareholders should be paid sufficient dividends whether or not they are making sizeable profits on the stock market. Over the last half century academics have spoken in great depth over this issue and suggested conflicting theoretical frameworks to explain their point of view.(Frankfurter 2002).The problem is that these assertions often lack empirical depth to the criticism and stumble upon self contradictions in an attempt to explain corporate dividend behaviour.(Frankfurter 2002).Today academic opinion is divided as to whether dividends are attractive to shareholders and will have a positive impact in stock prices.(Fran kfurter 2002 )Another school of thought contends that prices are negatively correlated with dividend payout levels.(Frankfurter 2002).The third view is that firm dividend policy is irrelevant in stock price valuation. (Frankfurter 2002).My paper will discuss and try to reconcile all these views towards a better theory and understanding of this issue.These views are best summed up as being based upon,the tax effect ( Litzenberger and Ramaswamy

Nazi and Vatican Relations during WWII Essay Example for Free

Nazi and Vatican Relations during WWII Essay How was Vatican’s relationship with the Nazi Germany during the War? The seat of the Roman Catholicism lies in the Vatican City- state with the Pope as the head of state and Supreme Pontiff of the Catholic Church. As a religious institution the Vatican has internationally been recognized as a powerful and independent diplomatic service capable of forging agreements for peace in behalf of the entire Catholic congregation. In the last twenty years during the reign of Pope John Paul II, the Vatican had aggressively been active in an international promotion of peace thereby denouncing war and hostilities. It’s involvement in international politics had been questioned as the historical sins of the Roman Catholic Church in the past centuries were brought to light. Presently, the Vatican is also heaped with blame for allowing WWII atrocities to befall on the Jewish community during the Holocaust. As the leader is the Catholic Church, the Vatican is supposedly a champion of humanitarian service. Yet it has received much criticism that leads us to question the Vatican’s relationship with Nazi Germany during WWII through a genuine look into the positions taken and deeds committed by the Vatican and its officials. In 1933, the Vatican forged an alliance with Nazi Germany through a Concordat signed and administered by Nazi Vice Chancellor von Papen and Vatican’s Cardinal Pacelli who later became Pope Pius XII according to Conway (2001:17). This treaty authorized the papacy to impose new church law on German Catholics at the same time granting generous privileges to Catholic schools and the clergy Langmuir (1998:9). According to Hen, the church sees this as an effort to curb the expansion of Protestantism in Germany and to secure civil guarantees for the Catholic institutions and their activities (2000: 139). Cardinal Pacelli had already arranged concordats with other individual German states and negotiating a concordat with the Reich’s new government could aid the Catholic Church’s effort to prevent the spread of communism using Nazi as its bulwark in Alvarez and Graham (1997:13). Hen also added that the appeasement treaty asserted to give financial support to the church’s schools and make Catholic religious education available in the public schools by instructors approved by the bishops, was the Church’s reason for a concordat (2001: 41). Catholic priests and leaders who were once vocal in denouncing the Nazi movement took the signing of the treaty as an indication that the Roman Catholic Church had softened their opposition to socialism while some political commentators, journalists and historians believed that this event was a manifestation of Pope Pius XI’s and Cardinal Pacelli’s underlying motives in Langmuir(1998:9). Hitler and the Nazi Party interpreted the concordat’s ratification to mean that they had won the church’s approval thereby allowing them the needed recognition in international politics and showing the world that the German Chancellor was politically reliable and trustworthy in Kick (2002:7). Likewise the Nazi Party relied on the Concordat policy to rise unopposed by the most powerful religious community in the world (Alvarez, 1997: 49). Hitler’s power over churches advanced as he placed the church under administrative control while obligating German bishops to the Nazi state by endorsing Nazism as a positive Christianity in Hen (2002: 165). With the Catholic Church’s withdrawal from social and political action, the concordat policy allowed the most disturbing extermination of the Jews carried out by the Nazi party in Europe in predominantly Catholic region according to Phayer (2000:xiii). The Nazi anti-Semitic values were then fanned throughout Europe as the German Catholic Church movement was subdued by the appeasement terms in the Concordat that Hitler do not wish to honor according to Conway (2001:68). Pius XI underestimated Hitler’s influence with the belief that Germany would honor the appeasement treaties cited in the concordat and started condemning Nazism. Pope Pius XI died in 1939, just a few hours before he could deliver a blunt message condemning Nazism amidst rumors of murder according to Murphy and Arlington (1983:195). Cardinal Pacelli assumed as Pope Pius XII and removed Pius XI’s prior ban on Action Francaise which was an anti-Semitic organization according to Friedlander (1996:223). Pius XII failed to condemn the wave of atrocities committed by the Nazi against the Jews marked the extermination of European Jews after being hunted like animals, robbed of their possessions, homes and loved ones, subjected to physical and mental torture, summarily executed and killed according to Langmuir (1998:8). In 1941, Pope Pius XII reiterated his stand of remaining neutral when consistently asked by US delegates according to Friedlander (1997: 226). Vatican could never feign ignorance on the massacre of the Jews as it had it own diplomatic corps and representatives in many European countries through a papal nunciate (Hen, 2002:165). It was only in late 1942 when Pius XII spoke out against the Nazi while refusing to publicly denounce violence against the Jews. His silence without emitting a condemnation against Hitler’s military aggression is a source of dispute which the church cannot claim ignorance to justify their silence. Conclusion It should be remembered that the Vatican’s interest which lie foremost in the foreign policy of the concordat in 1933 to protect its properties and interests in Germany. Pius XII as Vatican’s Secretary of State harbored fears of loosing the same privileges during the war which served as the background for non-intervention in Nazi affairs. Pius’s self-serving perspective goes beyond moral ascendancy that lies against the teachings of the church as it maintained a modicum of silence while Jews were exterminated en masse. Any condemnation against the atrocities would have carried great weight and would serve as a catalyst for the international committee to act for humanitarian reasons. Works Cited Alvarez,David and Graham, Robert. Nothing Sacred: Nazi Espionage against the Vatican, 1939-1945. Routledge,1997. Conway, J. S. The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933-1945. Regent College,2001. Hen, Chiang. Two Thousand Years with the Word.Institute for Christianity, 2000. Langmuir, Gavin L. Frankel, Jonathan. The Fate of the European Jews, 1939-1945: Continuity or Contingency? (ed. ) Oxford University Press, 1998. Kick, Russell. Everything you know is wrong: The Disinformation Guide to secrets and lies. The Disinformation Company, 2002. Murphy, Paul and Arlington,Rene. La Popessa. New York: Warner Books Inc, 1983. Friedlander, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. Phayer, Michael. The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930-1965. Bloomington: Indiana University, 2000.

Internal And External Factors That Impact Organisational Business Essay

Internal And External Factors That Impact Organisational Business Essay Every company has an unique organisational culture. Its culture derives from its past, its present, its current people, technology and physical resources and from the aims, objectives and values of those who work in the organisation (Lynch 2003). In recent years there has been increasing recognition of the role that organisational culture plays in the formulation and implementation of firm strategies and in influencing the success of those strategies. According to Deal and Kennedy (1982) research, they also stated that organisational culture defines the success or failure of organisation. Therefore, it is important to understand culture in an organisation as to help organisational leader in making management decision and in achieving excellences strategy. It is necessary to view strategic management from a cultural perspective because successful organisational performance often rests upon the degree of support that strategies receive from the organisations culture (Hodge 1996). Organisational Culture Definition of Organisational culture and its importance to strategic management. When any group of people live and work together for any length of time, they form and share beliefs about what is right and proper. They establish behaviour patterns based on their beliefs, and their actions often become matters of habit which they follow routinely. These beliefs and ways of behaving create the culture of the organisation. Culture is a pattern of shared tacit assumptions that was learned by a group as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, which has worked well enough to be considered valid in organisation and it is necessary to be taught to new members as the correct way to think, perceive, and feel in relation to those problems that occur in many organisation today (Schein 2009). Culture also influences the selection of people for particular jobs, which in turn affects the way in which tasks are carried out and decisions are made in an organisation. With the word of organisation added to the definition of culture, it can be defined as the patterns of beliefs, values and learned ways of coping with experience that have developed during organisations history, and which tend to be manifested in the behaviours of its members (Brown 1998). Organisational culture is the taken-for-granted assumptions and behaviours that make sense of peoples organisational context and it contributes to how groups of people respond and behave in relation to issue they face. It means that culture has important influences on the development of organisational strategy. Strong organisational cultures are important strategic asset as it is the heart of all strategy creation and implementation. In the early 1980s, Berry (1983) mentioned that by using culture, organisations could become more strategically effective. In order to support this statement, the popular global online book-seller known as amazon.com, used their culture which described as intensely customer-focused to drives their organisational strategy creation by focusing more on intensive training of each individual employee as these could reinforce the culture. As the result of using their culture and become more strategically effective, todays amazon.com has become one of the most successful online shop worldwide (Bezos 2007). Moreover, an effective strategic leader should understand and shape the culture of organisation in order that vision can be pursued and intended strategic implemented. This is something that leaders of Apple Inc. have applied, by leveraging their culture of innovation toward product as well as internal processes; they have been able to survive among their competitors as well as venture into new and profitable markets. In fact that in third quarter of 2012, Apple Inc. has made more than $35 billion revenue as this determine their success in technology industry (Fekete 2001). Moreover, organisational culture is dependent on the leadership such as particular individuals. For example, organisational culture of the body shop company is b ased on the commitment of their founder, Anita Roddick, to produce only environmentally friendly products (McGuire 2009). Through her commitment, nowadays The Body Shop has grown and prospers to become large and international businesses. From all examples above, it shows us the connection between culture and strategy of an organisation is necessary in order to understand roles of culture that affect the creation and implementation of strategy in an organisation. Key characteristics of culture in an organisation. There are some key characteristics of culture in an organisation. Firstly, culture can be shaped by people as employees personality and experience create the culture of an organisation. For example, if most of employees are very outgoing, the culture in the organisation likely to be open and sociable. The other characteristics are culture is negotiated; this is because culture cannot be created by only individual person. Employees must try to change the work environment, the direction, the way work is performed, or the manner in which decisions are made within the general norms of the workplace. Its difficulty to change is another characteristic of organisational culture (Heathfield 2012). Changing in culture require people to change their behaviours. It is often hard for people to unlearn their old way of doing things, and to start performing the new behaviours consistently. It takes time and effort to change the culture in an organisation especially in firms with strong culture. Ol der strong culture organisations have established stories, use symbols, conduct rituals and even use their own language. In this type of strong culture organisations, the core values are widely shared, respected and protected. However, according to Beamish (2008) research, he argued that culture is not static. He mentioned although a strong culture is extremely resistant to change but culture is not static. Once a culture is established in an organisation, it tends to be reinforced by the types of leaders chosen, by the selection, induction and training processes, by the systems, procedures and structures, and by the statements and communications of senior leaders about the way things are done around organisation. In addition, overtime, the environment changes, new technologies develop, new social norms occur, and new competitors emerge, cultures will evolve to match these developments (Beamish 2008). For example, as new technology developed, CEO of General Electronic (GE), Jack Wel ch develop new strategy calledGrowYourBusiness.com, aimed at getting the various businesses to embrace electronic commerce as the new way of doing business and this had a significant effect on the required culture (McGuire and Rhodes 1999). Benefits of electronic commerce are cost saving, provide faster answers for customers and offer more interesting assignments for employees. Nowadays most of GEs customers are using web to track orders, sometimes right to the location of a delivery van and instantly getting details of products. The last characteristics of organizational culture is more than one culture might which means that two or more subcultures might exist in same organisation. However, most of the researchers assume that there should be a single culture for the organisation (Stanford 2010). It might be true for small or extremely focused or geographically concentrated organisations, but for organisations with a broad range of products, customers and geographical locations, se parate subcultures are necessary. For examples, the China operation of a multinational manufacturer seeking low-cost production will have quite a different culture from its sales and marketing operation in Singapore and Australia, where the company is trying to present an up-market image. Therefore it is important for an organisation to have appropriate cultures in each unit and to be able to coordinate these cultures for the benefit of the organisation as a whole. Internal and external factors that impact organisational culture. Organisational culture is subjective by several factors which affect its development, performance and growth. Organisational culture originates and keeps evolving from the dynamics of the interaction between internal and external factors (Wilson and Bates 2003). Internal factors consist of organisations values, leadership style and structure (Kwamme 2010). Values in an organisation determine the inner culture of each individual employee. Moreover, managerial focus and leadership style has known as the contributor of shaping organisational culture as it could preserve an innovative and creative culture in an organisation. Healthy organisational structure includes procedures, expectations and policies are likely for employee to be motivated, more efficient and creative that could influence the culture in an organisation. On the other, external factors that affect organisational culture, includes business relationships, technology, laws and policies (Kwamme 2010). Business relationships have a great impact on employees behaviour and the culture in an organisation. For instance, if an organisation has association with a further business and that business is based on high prospects, staff may react in their working as the reason of those high prospects. As the result of todays technology advancement, it could lead to changing in culture of an organisation particularly with an increasing interaction between human and machine. Furthermore, technological creating competitive organisational culture as it reduces face-to-face interaction between human. Lastly, organisational regulations, policies and external work related acts significantly influences organisational culture, for example employee who work in organisation that performs a strict work to rule policy, they exhibit characteristics such as do things as they are told, less passionate about their job and refuse to be creative, thus it could directly change the whole culture in an organisation. This combination of internal and external factors will influence the organisations culture and have an effect on interpersonal relations. What is important is to be aware of it and to take account of how plans to develop the organisation may be affected by and affect its culture (Wilson and Bates 2003). Organisational cultures and organisations performance Studies of Peter and Waterman (1982) stated that high-performance organisations usually have strong organisational culture. A strong culture will help to align the elements required for effective implementation. Each organisation in same industry requires different business strategies. Different strategies require different cultures. Clearly, the culture of the organisation needs to be matched to the business strategy of the organisation. The issue is to align the culture with the strategy, not to seek some ideal culture. There are some views on the relationship between organisational cultures on organisations performance. The most common one known as strong-culture thesis, that assumed the commitment of employees and managers to the same set of values, beliefs and norms will have positive results that directly correlated with the level of profits in a company (Dess 2008). It is possible that success brings about a common set of orientations, beliefs and values. This culture may be m ore than just a by-product of high performances, but values and meanings may reproduce a successful organisation and thus contribute to performances. Since the cultural values are observable and measurable, it can be compared directly between organisations, employees and organisational performance. Recently, employee engagement has become a key measure of peoples commitment to the organisational culture and high scores have been linked to high organisational performance. For example, Italian eye ware and eye care company Luxottica improved its employee engagement and achieved improved performance. This company found that employees in its Australian and New Zealand operation of total 6500 people were disengaged and 56% of them did not understand the business strategy. However after employee engagement program was constructed which include understanding the culture of the organisation, Luxottica has achieved 15% of improvement in engagement, 30% reduction in recruitment costs and an 8 % reduction in turnover (Story 2009). Many business leaders are convinced that culture does have a substantial influence on performance. Therefore, when an organisation performs consistently at their capability, the outcome is not only improved strategic success but also an organisational culture permeated with a spirit of high organisational performance. Organisational culture influence on strategy Because of its crucial role in organisation performance, it is necessary to examine the relationship between culture and strategy because chance of success will be higher if there is a close incident fit between culture and strategy. Organisational cultures should be accompanied by any changes in strategy of organisation; otherwise the strategy is probably failed. In other hand, if supportive cultural arrangement is supported by right strategy, most likely the strategy will be succeeding (Montanari, Morgan and Bracker 1990). The taken-for-granted nature of culture makes it centrally important in relation to strategy and the management of strategy. George Davis (2010), the founder of clothing retailers Next and GIVe, sees culture as central to management. He added that culture is the thing that makes us do things and stops us doing things. There are benefits in the taken-for-granted nature of culture. Josephine Dumont (2010) supported this view and stated that because of all employees take as given the way the firm operates, it reduces the need for constant supervision. The stronger the fit between culture and strategy, the less managers have to depend on policies, rules and procedures, which means that lesser supervision needed to enforce what people should and should not do. There are then benefits to the taken-for-granted aspect of culture. Moreover, a positive culture might influence in achieving strategy in an organisation. For example, Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) is the second largest financial institution in the world which comprises of more than 10,000 offices in eighty countries. HSBC has their own unique and effective culture as part of its strategic management. One of the known practices within the HSBC organisational culture is its regard for work-ethic endorsement. This practice involves the careful screening of employees with the necessary skills and high potential for improvement. Through this culture, the HSBC are able to cr eate an effective workforce that is determined to succeed and is highly committed to work. It believes that when employees are highly committed with their job and always do their very best, it could help in achieving strategy and plan in an organisation. Business strategies of HSBC are to increase revenue growth, developing brand strategy further, improving productivity and maintaining the companys prudent risk management and strong financial position (HSBC 2011). According to appendix 1, it shows the effect of culture in an organisation to strategy development. In the situation of declining performance of an organisation, managers or leaders need to improve the implementation of existing strategy such as trying to lower cost, improve efficiency, tighten controls or improve accepted way of doing things. If this not effective, a change of strategy may occur, however change in line with the existing culture. For example, when there are attempts to change highly bureaucratic organisations to be customer-oriented so there is a need to change a cultures of an organisation. However, some employees do not readily to accept the cultural change in an organisation as they are used to the culture they had before. People prefer the familiar and typical culture as to minimise uncertainty or ambiguity in the organisation. The connection between success and culture may seem obvious as successful business is the result of successful execution of a good strategy, and therefore culture is all about execution (Stanford 2010). Strategy can be effectively implemented only when an organisations culture is both strong (consistent) and healthy (employees are engaged and committed, customers are satisfied and other stakeholders are included in organisational discussions). Appendix 2 summarises the link between the two through the case of Southern Airlines. They believe that the link between strategy and its culture are the one of the reasons that makes this organisation become successful. The culture in an organisation is strong as there is consistency of what people see, hear and feel about it and employees are clear of how things are done and are willing and able to help the airline achieve its goals. Furthermore, their business strategy is good includes stretching and addressing short-term and longer-term goa ls and they are clearly articulated. As the result of the strong culture and good strategy, Southern Airlines has reached their business success in airline industry. The CEO of Southeast Airline, Gary Kelly (2009) added that strong culture contributes to business success and is instrumental in some of the strategic decision of the organisation. Organisational Culture and Strategic Decision Nowadays, terms of strategic is used more often in its broader sense, including strategic decision. There are some important key elements of strategic decisions that are related primarily to the organisations ability to add value and compete in market place (Lynch 2003). This include making sustainable decisions that can be maintained over time, it must be able to delivers sustainable competitive advantages over its actual or potential competitors, it has to exploit the many linkages that exist between the organisation and its environment and lastly it must have the ability to move the organisation forward a significant way beyond the current environment. Therefore, it is the responsibility of strategic decision maker to reach and maintain key elements of good strategic decision to an organisation. It is important to a strategic decision maker to make decisions by considering the different cultures, agencies, agendas, personalities and desires in an organisation (Guillot 2003). Strat egic decision makers must not only be aware of the culture within an organisation, but they must also work to shape an organisations culture to help achieve its objectives. If an organisation needs to improve the publics perception of its customer service, then strategic decision makers must steer the organizations culture so it promotes or encourages high achievement in customer service activities. Changing an organisations culture helps guard against unethical or illegal behaviour by members of the organization. Organisational culture directly affects how the members of the organisation view and interact with the environment the organisation operates in, including their interactions with the general public. For example, Howard Levin, President and CEO of Digicon Electronics, he took the time to understand the company as an organisation and he even undertook the benchmarking the companys culture against companies with reportedly effective business culture and not just in that indus try. Every operational improvement and new strategic decisions he undertook was linked to the new culture that he was building for the company. He was determined that the company would have a culture that would support enlightened leadership. Over time, the student of culture became the teacher as Digicon became an industry leader (Want 2006). Conclusion In conclusion, this academic essay has explored the role of culture in the overall scheme of organisation in terms of strategic management. An organisational culture is observable and powerful force in organizational that can influence the development and change of organizational strategy. Culture and strategic management of the organisation are closely tied together. Adjustment in one often signals the need for changes in the other. Therefore, strategic system approach emphasizes the need for alignment between culture and all other aspects of the organisation. It is important for organisation to have creative and learning organization in order to improve companys efficiency and effectiveness, as well as being the source of inspiration on changing and improving organisation. Moreover, it is a power and beneficial potential when culture and organisations performance well integrated in a set of effective values, beliefs and behaviours with the purpose of achieving organisations systems since cultural values are observable and measureable through stakeholders (organization, employees and organizational performance). In addition, a chance of success will be higher in organization if there is a close incident fit between culture and strategy. When culture has clear values, beliefs and behaviours and it connects to the vision, objectives and strategic, it will encourage to the right behaviours and actions on supporting the strategy. Therefore, with understanding of organisational culture, strategic leader will be able to make a wiser decision by means adapting with external environment on strategy formulation and encourage and leads his/her people on strategy implementation.

The Importance of Recycling :: essays research papers

The Importance of Recycling Have you ever wonder what can you do about the bottles and cans you find around you? People that doesn?t care about the world being clean is littering the place. It makes things very difficult to put up for. Recycling cans and bottles can help save the earth form waste and trash buildup and can make new things. I think that recycling should be mandatory and there should be recycling cans in various locations at school and everywhere else. One reason is that recycling can help save the earth from waste and trash build-up. For example, fifty percent of roofing and construction on houses is made from recycled aluminum cans. Using recycled materials to produce new products costs less money and less energy than new materials. It can also save valuable landfill space. People have trash everyday. Pretty much anything is recyclable. If you throw them away, it?s a waste of natural resources, a waste of energy, and a waste of money. Instead people should take the time collect these things and put some effort into helping in the world we live in. If you are desperately trying to find a way to make money, recycling can solve that problem. You?ll be paid back for the effort. You can earn money from recycling. Many recycling centers pay CRV for cans and bottles. Many people wouldn?t want to miss out on a moneymaking opportunity. It?s a good way of fundraising, too. Most importantly, it saves lives. We should all learn the importance of recycling. For example, some sea lions won?t get stuck in plastics if we recycle. We would also breathe better air. We can recycle and aluminum can and put it back on the shelf for something useful. If we just leave it in the landfill, it?ll decompose and it?ll be of no use. It?ll also reduce pollution or else it?ll make a new one.

Northern Lights by Philip Pullman Essay

Analysis of northern lights how the author presents the characters within the novel for example looking at animal symbolism. Lord Asriels daemon is the Snow leopard. It is elegant as it moves with grace and speed, it seems royal as she slinks with confidence an power in every stride. Lord Ariel is a serious man he was heartless and cruel to his own daughter. on one occasion in the book he grabs her forcefully by the arm. He is an arrogant character, who is feared and respected. â€Å"His daemon growled with deep savage rumble that made Lyra suddenly aware of what it would be like to have teeth meeting in her throat.† Having this animal as lord Asriels daemon reinforces the more negative and suspicious feelings towards him. That he is as powerful as he is dangerous. He is, in many ways just like his daemon; cold hearted, vicious, strong in body and mind. â€Å"†¦all his movements were large and perfectly balanced, like those of a wild animal and when he appeared in a room like this he seemed a wild animal held in a cage to small for it.† He as well as his daemon had elegance, and the author even compared lord Asriel himself to a wild animal. His daemon, was enticing with lush fur so beautiful, yet she is the predator, the hunter, fierce and untamed, like her master, the leopard seems silent but deadly, sweet but if provoked you are left vulnerable to her attack. You need beware when lord Asriel is on the prowl. Martin Lanselius has a serpent daemon, the characteristic of witch people tend not to trust as they’re sly, sneaky, slimy and deceitful. Martin Lanselius is one of the people on the which’s council so far he seems fair, just an kind. â€Å"The little green serpent daemon raised it’s head from the consul’s collar and whispered tongue flickeringly in his ear†. By using the words whispered tongue flickeringly, It makes you imagine the slimy tongue harsh in your ear, it makes you feel uneasy, by whispered it seems sneaky and suspicious like he has something to hide. Typically a snake or serpent is bad, they trick and deceive.*1 This gives us a very negative opinion of Martin Lanseluis, and without his daemon it wouldn’t be there. We are influenced by the serpent daemon, especially because it contradicts so drastically; the mean lying snake, with the sweet and caring Martin Larnselius. Ma Costa’s daemon is a pack animal, a wolf like dog. They are playful, full of spirit, loyal and very protective, especially those in their fellow pack. It’s easy to see the cute lovable exterior, but the wolf in them makes him stronger, with force and determination the wolf attacks it’s prey, with razor sharp teeth he cuts through the skin and sinks them deep into the flesh. They can be very dangerous, very vicious. Ma Costa is both loyal and confident sweet and gentle to her family and friends imparticular. But can be bad-tempered. When on one occasion Lyra tried to steal Ma Costa boat, she struck Lyra her across the face but previously she watched over Lyra as a baby. â€Å"†¦a great grey dog bent down gently to lick Pentaliments wild cat-head†. This shows how kind he is even to strangers he is welcoming. This is one of the few things we hear about the daemon so far. I think the influence by the dog is both positive and negative, positive because you think first of the innocent looking dog which will protect it’s family. But also negative when you think how dangerous a wolf can be. Like the snow leopard the wolf is a hunters. But you don’t get told a lot about the daemon therefore the influence to Ma Costa is minimal. Farder Coram had Sophonax, his daemon cat. She moved with grace and confidence, her soft fur warm and inviting. Her presence was soothing and mysterious. Farder Coram was quite old, however his mind unchanged by time, still sharp and alert. But his withered old body looks frail and tired. Forder Coram is just like his daemon as he is confident wise, but with an air of mystery like he’s not giving anything away. Even though you don’t know him he seems friendly like he’s known you for years â€Å"Sophonax†¦was golden eyed, and elegant beyond measure, fully twice as large as a real cat, and richly furred.† This emphasizes the appeal and makes the cat seem heavenly, like it’s magnificent and extraordinary. I think the daemon gives us an even more positive opinion of Farder Coram. â€Å"He could not walk without leaning on two sticks and he trembled constantly like an aspen leaf. His mind was sharp and clear he was a powerful man†. This shows how weak he looked, but how strong minded he was. By having this unique cat makes me think that when Farder Coram was younger he was lively an adventure. But still he was every bit as admired, and was adventurous on the inside.

Leadership, values, and the bible Essay

The Bible is a book that refers to collections of canonical text and religious writings that has its origins in Judeo-Christian traditions. The Bible is not a mere bulk of texts, but in fact a collection of books that process within it various historical traditions and accounts of the religion of Christianity. Now, it is important for us to understand that referring to the Bible does not necessarily point towards the Bible we all know of. In fact, there is a Jewish version of the Bible which is often referred to as the Hebrew Bible, a collection of 39 books which is the foundation of the said religion. According to believers, it is God’s direct word transcribed through human hands but inspired by divine means. The Christian tradition divides the Bible into two parts, the previous consisting of 46 books of the Old Testament and 27 books of the New Testament. The Bible had been originally written in Greek and many versions exist as of today, but all claiming that it has preserved the original essence in order to hold the argument that it has been inspired by God and in fact are the transcribed words of the divinity. Now the question of having the Bible as our main and central point of reference for this paper is how authoritative it really is. Is it merely a collection of fictional works or indeed something that could be attested to by many of its authorities to be direct words and transcriptions of divinity? And the more important and pressing question is can it still be relied on after almost 2000 years of existence and could the stories and works found inside still be applicable for modern setting? First, the argument of time. Although it is also true that the Bible could be dated as long as 2000 years old for the King James version – more or less the same version that we are reading now if we are Roman Catholics – the totality of the Old Testament had been written much more before that. In fact, the Jewish religion, perhaps dating as long as 3000 years ago, claims that most of the text of the Old Testament were one of the most earlier writings second only to Zoroastrianism. The first books of the Bible had been written in Egyptian papyrus, ended its only much later that it had been translated into Greek. When it comes to academic text, time is indeed a valuable factor in considering its impacts to modern society. In order to reaffirm its importance, perhaps it would be wise for us to look back at that time and realize that most of the books that were written and created in that eon of human history had indeed profound effects and how our society and our thoughts as a collective society had been affected. Just take Plato’s book the Republic for example. It is basically one of the oldest texts of political philosophy. However, even if that holds true, the Republic still stands as one of the most basic examples of democracy and how it is applied. Just a few decades later when Aristotle wrote his first books, his collections of metaphysics and the many other contributions to science had been the building blocks of other studies even to the modern day. In many such areas like literature, physics, chemistry, and the many other disciplines of the modern world, it is through old texts that modern scholars look towards and reaffirm the believe that even the oldest of books hold much grain of truth compared to those which are new. In fact, on argument by most writers is that most of the books written today are merely copies or modifications of the old books of our society. They have merely been rephrased in order for us to understand better, but the same ideas and essence still remain. If this is not proof enough, one merely needs to look at authoritative leadership books as of the present and TrackBack their reference until one reaches the Bible. The second is the argument of content. Many scholars are in direct conflict with theologists because the latter group claims that the Bible had been written by some divine assistance. Academic scholars who values science more claim that it is only humans who had conceptualized and read the books of the Bible. if you were to discuss and reflect upon this debate, we would be biting more than we can chew, for this argument has existed as long as the Bible itself has existed. For our academic purpose, let us at the least reliant the fact that either way, it is not problematic for us on the source of the Bible as long as it is able to maintain the same basic truths that we consider essential to our review. Even if it’s true that it is not God who had written the Bible but a collection of imaginative man, since we are discussing the lessons of leadership that could be learned from the book, we are at a certain advantage because both theories could prove useful to us. If it is indeed written through divine inspiration acting through human tools, then perhaps we could authoritatively claim that the Bible’s leadership styles are indeed universal leadership styles that are not merely human but divine. On the other hand, having an argument that it is men who had written the contents, this our study could benefit from that idea because even in the early stages of our history, leadership signs had been detected in humanity in their heights of civilization, and these leadership styles and values still exist as of today. Having had qualified or major source, let us now proceed to our paper and identify the various leadership styles that could be found in the Bible.

Sexual Harrasment in School Essay Example

Sexual Harrasment in School Essay Example Sexual Harrasment in School Essay Sexual Harrasment in School Essay Effect of Sexual Harassment in School Schools are now more focused on physical bullying compare to Sexual Harassment. Sexual Harassment underestimated in some schools. James Gruber from the University of Michigan-Dearborn and Susan Fineran from the University of Southern Maine in the United States said that Schools current focus on bullying prevention may be masking the serious and underestimated health consequences of Sexual Harassment. They also did research and found that the Sexual Harassment has a large negative impact on the health of adolescents from physically bully. From the article sexual harassment give an impact to student. More than 48% of middle and high school students in United States (US) suffered sexual harassment both in person and online. 87% of those students said the experience had a negative impact on them. So, sexual harassment has an impact to student especially the victim. The negative impact that can be found from the article is sexually-harassed students that take part in the Association America University Women (AAUW) survey reported having trouble studying, not wanting to go to school, and feeling sick to their stomach. This statement shows that, student cannot focus in their learning process when they had been harassed by other student. This is bad impact to student and it may cause them fail in their examination. Student also might not come to school because they feel very shy and afraid to being harassed once again. So, they cannot enjoy their school life and cannot achieve their dreams. The effect on the morale of all students can also be serious. Both men and women in a school can find their studying disrupted by sexual harassment even if they are not directly involved. Sexual harassment can have a demoralizing effect on everyone within range of it, and it often negatively impacts school result on the whole. Some student stayed home from school, others skipped classes, drop after-school activities, took different routes to and from school, or changed school altogether. This is extrinsic impact to student because it affects their behavior. This behavior gives impact to their personal and academic life because sexual harassment affects their studying and personal activities. They also may loss their trust to the school. This is because school has give them negative memory. Many girl having faced this behavior said that they find a difficulty to trust or having friendship with boy or men. This situation will affect their task especially group task because they do not trust men. So, they will ignore the different gender among their group. So, the productivity of the group will decrease. Sexual harassment can give an impact on student’s health. Most of students who have been sexually harassed experience mental and physical problems. This is true whether they complain about it or keep quiet. The most common mental problem is lack of concentration. Other common symptom includes headache, nausea, sleeplessness, anorexia, overeating, and allergic reactions. Some potential effects a person who had been harassed may experience: 1. Anxiety, frustration, depression, nightmares, difficulty concentrating, headaches, fatigue, shame or guilt, feeling powerless, helpless or out of control, feeling angry towards harasser, loss of confidence and self-esteem, withdrawal and isolation, suicidal thought or attempts. 2. Retaliation from the harasser, or colleagues/friends of the harasser, should the victim complain or file a grievance. Retaliation can involve revenge along with more sexual harassment, and can involve stalking the complainant. 3. Having to drop course, or change academic plans. Sexual harassment may impact grade performance for students. 4. Increased absenteeism to avoid harassment, or because of the illness from the stress. 5. Having one’s personal life held up for public scrutiny. The victim becomes the accused, and their dress, lifestyle, and private life will often come under attack. 6. A student that being harassed also can be objectified and humiliated by scrutiny and gossip. 7. Sexual harassment can make student becoming publicly sexualized. . Defamation of character and reputation of students. 9. Stress impacting relationship with others, sometimes resulting in the demise of the relationship. It also gives stress on peer relationships and relationships with colleagues. 10. Impact on reference/recommendation and loss of career. (from Woman Center Northwestern University) There’s a lot of negative impact of sexual harassment for students. School and teachers should know how to prevent and cure this problem. Sexual harassment gives negative impact of student learning process and development in school environment. Students also have their right to protect themselves.

Frictional Forces are Surface dependant Essay Example

Frictional Forces are Surface dependant Essay Example Frictional Forces are Surface dependant Essay Frictional Forces are Surface dependant Essay We were given a coursework question asking us to prove that Frictional Forces are Surface dependant. We were asked to prove this. I have therefore thought of several ways to do so; I thought of throwing different objects across different surfaces. I thought of using an elastic band to throw a block of wood, 4.5cm X 4.5cm x 4.5cm, across a certain surface with a certain length; 1.25 metres. I thought of making the surface as my independent variable and the block of wood as my dependant variable. I also thought of performing the above procedure but instead of using different types of surfaces, I thought I would use several types of blocks of different material, but all of the same weight. And using the rubber band, throw it across a surface of ceramic. : I have decided to merge the two ideas, and came up with the following idea and procedure; My idea was that I could use two 5cm x 5cm x 5cm blocks, one of wood, and the second of plastic foam. I intend to try them on several different types of surface; wood, ceramic, marble, carpet (with a certain thickness which I shall state later on), and glass. All of which are 1.00metres (100cm) in length. I intend to use the surfaces as my independent variables, and the blocks as my dependant variables. I intend to prove that the type of surface, makes a lot of difference in the velocity (speed) of the block, and that due to friction and the surface, the distance covered, and the time consumed change according to the type of surface, and whether it has a high frictional surface or a low frictional surface? My procedure: I thought that I would implement my idea so as to prove the relationship between the contact surface, and the frictional force. Firstly, I would like to refer to the information that I have gathered so as to enable me to place a procedure that is correct and which I guarantee that it will provide me with some reliable results. Friction is the property that objects have which makes them resist being moved across one another. If two objects are placed one on top of the other, the top object can be lifted without any resistance except that of gravity. But if one object is pushed or pulled along the surface of the other, there is a resistance caused by friction. Friction has many important uses; it makes the wheels of a locomotive grip the rails of the track. It allows a conveyor belt to turn on the pulleys without slipping. Without friction, we would not have been able to walk on the pavement; we would have kept on slipping! Thats why it is hard to walk on ice; it produces friction that is less than the pavement, and therefore causes us our shoes to slip. Friction also has disadvantages; it produces heat which causes objects to wear; have you ever looked at the soles of shoes which you have been wearing for 2 years, and the soles of brand new shoes? Observe the difference! Several layers of your shoes soles have worn away due to the friction of the shoes on the pavement, this is why lubricating oils are used to fill in the gaps between moving machinery parts. There are three main kinds of friction: Sliding or kinetic friction; this is produced when two surfaces slide across each other, like when a book moves across a table. There is also rolling friction, which is the resistance produced when a rolling body moves over a surface. E.g.: the friction between a car tyre and the street is rolling friction. Fluid Friction/ Viscosity are the third type of friction. It is the friction between moving fluids or between a fluid and a solid. Thinner fluids have less viscosity than thicker fluids, and usually flow faster. E.G: erosion of rocks in the rivers by running water. The law of friction: The basic law of friction states that the force needed to overcome friction is proportional to the total perpendicular force pressing one surface against the other. E.g.: when the weight of a box being pulled across the floor is doubled, the force pulling the box must be doubled. The ratio between the weight being pulled/pushed, and the force required is called the coefficient of friction. The value of the C.F depends on the type of surfaces moving against each other. Friction: Friction is the resistance that a moving object meets when it is in contact with another object. It is a force that converts a moving objects kinetic energy (energy of motion) into other forms of energy, such as heat and sound. This process slows the object down. Friction can be reduced for example, by lubricating the surfaces of the two objects in contact. Friction can be useful, too. It is the force that makes a cars brakes work. E.G.: When a match is struck, friction provides the heat that causes phosphorus in the match head to ignite. Coefficient of Friction: The coefficient of static friction is a measure of how much force must be applied to an object to overcome friction and set it moving across the surface of another object. It varies for different pairs of objects. The coefficient of kinetic friction describes how much force must be applied to overcome friction between the two objects once one of them is in motion. Theory Suppose you place a book on a rough desktop. The weight of the book produces an equal and opposite reaction force; R from the surface. The force you need to apply to make the book begin to slide is independent of its area of contact with the surface but is proportional to R. The force you need to apply is related to the weight of the book (equal to R) by the coefficient of static friction, symbol ?. If you try to push the book sideways with a force that is less than ?R, it is cancelled out by a corresponding frictional force, and the book does not move. As you increase the force, the frictional force increases too. The frictional force will continue to increase as a reaction to you pushing the book until it reaches ?R, which is the limit of static friction. If you increase the force beyond this limit, the book starts to move across the surface. The value of the coefficient ? is determined by the two adjacent surfaces and is not a strict constant. Its value varies from about 0.15 to 0.6 for most dry and fairly smooth surfaces. It depends only on the nature of the two bodies, and not (as might be supposed) on the area of contact between them. In other words, if you have two equally heavy books made from an identical material, you need to push just as hard to make them move, even if one book is large and thin (has a large cover) and the other is small and fat (has a small cover). Once an object is moving steadily across a surface, its movement is opposed by a kinetic friction force. This force has a value lower than the limiting force of static friction, meaning that a greater force is needed to start an object than to keep it moving. This is described by a coefficient of kinetic friction, which is always less than the coefficient of static friction for two objects. Formula Force needed to overcome friction (Fmax) = coefficient of static friction (?) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ force keeping body at rest (R). Since both forces are measured in Newton (N), the coefficient of static friction is simply a number with no units. Example A car of mass 1,000?kg has broken down on a road made of asphalt. If the driver has lost the keys and the brakes are locked on, what force is needed to push the car? The coefficient of static friction between rubber and asphalt is 0.60, and the acceleration due to gravity, g, can be taken to be 10?m?s?2. Solution The car resists any attempt to move it due to its weight, which is equal to its mass multiplied by the gravitational acceleration g. R = m à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ g = 1,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10 = 10,000?N Fmax?=à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½?R Fmax?=?0.60?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½?10,000?N = 6,000?N A force of 6,000?newtons (N) is needed to push the car. Therefore, with reference to the information stated above, I have planned the following procedure and equipment: Apparatus: * 1 Block of wood with measurements 4.5cm X 4.5cm X 4.5cm (volume= 4.5cm3). (dependant Variable) * 1 Block of plastic foam, 4.5cm X 4.5cm X 4.5cm (volume = 4.5cm3). (dependant Variable) * 1.00metres of: ceramic, carpet (2mm thickness), carpet (7mm thickness), marble, wood, and glass. (independent Variables) * Stopwatch. * Tape-measure. * Elastic band (which reaches a length of 85cm when stretched). * Cello-tape. * Scissors. * A marker pen. * An electronic weighing scale. Procedure: 1. I will measure the sides of the cube to ensure that it is exactly 5cm3. 2. I will then measure 100 cm of each surface, and stick the cello-tape across the length of each. 3. Using the marker pen, I will place a mark on the tape every 10cms. 4. Next, I will measure a distance of 5cm (equal to the size of the cube) from one end of the surface, and also on the side opposite to it; 5cms extra to the 100 of the surface, 15 extra on the right hand sides, and 5cm extra on the left hand side. This is the space I will place the cube in before catapulting it across the surface. 5. I will then measure the width of the tape, and stick the exact amount of the rubber band underneath it, one side of the rubber band at a distance of 10cms apart. 6. Then, using the rubber band that has been stuck to the surface, I will place the wooden block in between the rubber band, and pull the rubber band back (with the cube) to a distance of 15cm. (the 15cm I have added previously). 7. I will hold the stop watch in one hand, while holding the stretched rubber band and the wooden block in the other hand. As soon as I let go of the rubber band, I will start the stopwatch. 8. I will observe the block fly across the surface, and I will have my finger on the stop button in the watch, and thats to stop it once the block reaches the end of the surface, or if it stops in the middle of the surface. In which case I will take a reading of the distance covered and not down the time in my table. 9. I will repeat this experiment 3 times, and thats to guarantee the reliability of my results, and also to graph the average of my results which should be more accurate than just one trial. 10. I shall repeat the above procedure for the different types of surfaces and for the different cubes. * I intend to take some safety measures; I will place an extra piece of tape on top of the tape already holding the rubber-band in place, and that is to ensure that it will not fling out of place. I also intend to place two 1metre rulers on either side of the practical area, and thats to prevent the block of wood from flying off course. I also have several other rubber bands of the same thickness and length of the rubber band being used (from the same box), and thats in case the rubber band used breaks. I have also placed a piece of tape on the surface; marking the end of the 100 cm, and that is to enable me to see exactly when the block has passed the 100 cm, enabling me to stop the stop-watch in the right time, resulting in some reliable results. My theory: I believe that my plan shall be quite good and that it shall enable me to obtain sufficient results which are reliable. My theory is that the rougher the surface, the higher the friction, and consequently, the more time is consumed for the block to reach the markers. While the smoother the surface, the less the friction, and consequently, the less time is consumed. My Prediction: I predict that the marble shall prove a very good surface close to ice which will enable the block to shoot across it like a bullet fired from a gun, this is because the marble surface is quite smooth, and also quite slippery, which indicates a low level of frequency. Yet, I predict that the 7mm thick carpet and the wooden surface shall prove to have very high friction, and thus, the block shall not be able to cover the complete distance of 1.00metres on that surface, especially with the force applied. This is of course with reference to the data stated above. I have placed this plan according to a test we have previously observed regarding friction, as we have studied in class friction and its effect. This gave me the idea that I need an equal amount of force to push the block each time; and if I was to apply this force by hand, how could I guarantee that the force applied each time is equal? The test has to be fair! So I decided to follow the above procedure, using a rubber band which is stretched to a certain extent (15cm), this will guarantee that the force applied each time is equal. I have also thought of extending the length of the surfaces used to 2.0 meters, but after my preliminary test, I found that 1.00 metres are sufficient, and that they will enable me to prove my theory and prediction. I have modified my original version which I have followed in my preliminary test, and thats to guarantee the reliability of my results. MY PRELIMINARY TEST: I should have placed this test earlier, but I was unlucky enough to be unable to find a good place for it, so I thought that the best place for it would be here; at the end of my planning, and that is to link it with my observations and Obtaining. For my preliminary testing, I decided to try out a procedure which would enable me to obtain some reliable results; after deciding upon the investigation I intended to perform, I decided to use a rubber band to apply equivalent forces each time in my original investigation. I also decided to try out my preliminary using a block of wood with a volume of 4.5cm3. I decided to try my preliminary on ceramic as it was the easiest to start with; so I placed two 1 metre rulers at a distance of 10cm apart. I placed them both with their 0 ends towards my side, and the 100cm marker at the other end. I then stuck the two ends of the rubber band (25cm in length) one side at either ruler. I placed a piece of tape at the end of the surface, linking the two 100cm marks together and showing me the end of the 1 metre distance. I then measured out 15 cm from the 0cm markings, and placed a piece of tape in between the two rulers. I then placed a block of wood with volume 5cm3 in between the two arms of the rubber band, and pulled it with the rubber band to the extent of 15cm (until the marking), I then let them go, and the block of wood was catapulted towards the other end (towards the 1metre marking). I took a record of the time consumed, and found that it covered 60 cm and stopped. That took it a time of 0:32 sec. Therefore, according to this preliminary, I have decided upon using a distance of 1.0 metres; since the smoothest surface with the least friction (in my opinion) did not allow the block of wood to cover more than 60cm, I do not expect any of the other surfaces to provide a force which will be less than the force applied by the rubber-band. I have therefore drawn up the procedure stated above; this is because I believe it to be the best procedure I could follow, and implement the steps within. That is of course with reference to the safety measures I have taken, and also because I am familiar with most of the equipment, and could therefore tackle their side effects. I also hope that this procedure will enable me to gain the best results possible. The source of my idea: We have previously performed a semi-coursework which consisted of the following: we were required to prove that an object accelerates as it descends and gets closer to the ground due to the gravitational pull upon it. To do this, we were given a measuring cylinder full of 1liter of motor oil. We placed 10 markers which were equidistant (5cm3). We then dropped 10 ball bearings; one at a time. Each time, we started the stop watch as the ball started to descend, and stopped the watch at the next marker each time. E.g.: the first ball, the stop watch was stopped at the first marker. The second ball at the second marker, the third at the third markeretc. we then obtained the ball bearings by the aid of a powerful magnet, and repeated the investigation. We then averaged the time and graphed our results. Before performing the original investigation, I decided to perform a preliminary test which I have stated the results and consequences of previously. I then intended to perform the investigation, implementing the procedure I have drawn up for myself. I then found out that this procedure would not provide me with a fair test. So I decided to alter my plan slightly; instead of timing how long it took for the block to stop, I could count how long it took for the block to pass each marker (10cm). I would therefore have to decrease the amount of surfaces I intend to use to two (2). This is because I intend to make it a fair test, and also; to save me some time. Therefore, I will catapult the block 10 times, note down the time it took to reach each marker in turn. I started off by getting the tools and materials required and placing them in a small, neat pile on my work bench. In doing so, I found that the surfaces were not portable (mobile), and I would therefore have to go to each surface wherever it is. First of all, I started by cutting up 230cm of Cello-tape (aided by the 1meter ruler) and then splitting that into two equal pieces (strips); each strip with a length of 115cm. using the marker pen, I placed a mark on the tape every 10cm, (the 0 mark starts after 15cm); I intend to use only two surfaces; ceramic ; wood. This is to spare me some time to perform repeats and to compare the results using the two blocks. I will perform the experiment with the two blocks as stated in my primary plan. All that has changed is the method of recording time; instead of recording the time each block took to completely stop on each surface, I will measure the time taken for it each time to cover the distance between the markers; e.g.: in the first catapult, I shall stop the watch when the block passes the first marker indicating (10cm). In the second catapult, I will stop the watch when the block passes the 2nd marker, indicating 20cm, and so on, similar to my source of idea and procedure. I also found that the process was too time consuming, and I therefore decided to perform the investigation with only one block, the block of wood. After marking every 10cm on the tape, I decided to start with the ceramic surface, so I went to the ceramic surface and placed one of the two strips of tape along the length of one side of it. I then measured a distance of 20cm from the tape, and stuck down the second strip of tape; the two tapes are parallel with a distance of 10cm in between them. I then cut the rubber band from one side, which gave me a long strip of rubber. At the 0cm mark, I stuck one arm of the rubber; I then stuck the other arm at the opposite 0cm mark (one arm at each tape). I then placed the wooden block in the rubber bands Lap; between the two arms, and pulled them (the rubber band and the block). As soon as I let go, I pressed the start button on the watch. I then stopped the watch once the block had passed the 1st mark. I then repeated the procedure, but this time stopped the stop-watch as soon as the block passed the second marker. I kept on doing this, each time stopping the stopwatch at the next marker . After finishing doing so, I did my repeats, repeating this process all over again 3 times until I had got three readings for each marker. I then repeated the whole process, but this time, I did it with the wooden surface; I took the marked tape I had used in the previous experiment, did my measurements, and stuck everything down as I had done in the previous surface; marble. I then repeated the process as I have done in the previous surfaces. I have included below a table containing my results, and a full report regarding what actually happened: Surface: Marble WOOD Dist. Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Average Time v =s/t Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Average Time v =s/t (Sec.) (Sec.) (Sec.) (Sec.) V (Sec.) (Sec.) (Sec.) (Sec.) V 10 0.2 0.21 0.19 0.2 50 0.2 0.24 0.22 0.22 45 20 0.29 0.28 0.31 0.29 69 0.34 0.35 0.29 0.32 63 30 0.4 0.42 0.39 0.4 75 0.38 0.41 0.4 0.396 76 40 0.51 0.5 0.53 0.52 77 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.51 78.4 50 0.72 0.68 0.71 0.7 71 0.72 0.65 0.68 0.68 73.5 60 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.88 68 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.89 67.4 70 0.96 1.05 1.1 1.04 65 STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED 80 STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED 90 STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED 100 STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED After observing the results I have obtained and placed in the above table, and with reference to my notes and annotations which I have produced during the investigation, I found that the block of wood, would only reach a certain distance, that is of course due to the thrust (force applied), but as I have followed my initial plan step by step, altering only what I have stated previously, I could not alter anything else or make any extra modifications. I was therefore stuck with the rubber band I had started with. As is noticeable; in the first table which is for the marble, the block stopped at the marker indicating 70cm, and did not proceed. While in the second table which is for the wooden surface, the block reached the mark which indicated 60cm, and did not proceed. This I shall analyse in the following section and state the reasons for. Unfortunately, this investigation was not easy; this is mainly because not every time I let go of the rubber band did the block reach the required mark, and before stating that the block stopped, I did and re-did the experiment to ensure that the block could not indeed reach that level (mark). Sometimes I would also let go of the rubber band before starting the stop-watch. I have therefore tried my best to obtain and use the most reliable results possible. I have followed my procedure step by step, and I have also used the equipment I am most familiar with, and thats to enable me to cope with and provide the best results attainable by the aid of this equipment. I hope that these results are sufficient, and that they will enable me to prove my theory and prediction. After performing my investigational experiments, and identifying the most obvious of the information and mistakes, I intend to proceed to analyzing my results, procedure and implementation of it. Below are the graphs that I have drawn up based upon the average times, and the markings. By analysing the above graph which is the graph for the Marble surface; we can notice at a glance that there is what resembles a straight line. With reference to my physics knowledge, I know that a straight line starting from the 0, and extending at an angle of approximately 46o, indicates uniform acceleration. We also know that a line graph which starts somewhere along the Y-axis, and extends diagonally towards the X-axis resembles uniform retardation. Looking at this graph, it resembles uniform acceleration, but as it is not a V-t graph, it actually resembles uniform retardation. We gather this logically because more time is consumed by the cube, and thats for it to reach the following point. If we look at it scientifically; we could observe that the Y-axis is a time scale, and the higher up we go the more time is consumed 9on the graph), and the X-axis resembles the checkpoints or marker-points , and as we go further eastwards, we cover a greater distance, and by covering greater di stances, force wears away, and as we have started with a pushing force that unbalanced the opposing force, as the force wears off; is consumed, the forces start to balance, until the force completely wears off, and the opposing force has little resistance and is greater than the pushing force, which causes it (the block of wood) to eventually stop, leading it to a state of uniform velocity where acceleration equals Zero. This therefore causes the time consumed to increase. This is because though the acceleration has stopped and returned to a uniform state in which it equals Zero; time is still ticking away, and consequently, more time is consumed! I then studied the above graph for some time, and found that it was exactly the same as the first one. It resembles the trend of uniform acceleration in a V-T graph, but since these graphs are not V-T, and are Distance X time, the observation is different. The graph resembles a straight line, curving towards the end which indicates that the block is slowing down. This proves my theory, yet it also shows us that the speed /acceleration of the block are decreasing, which means that the opposing force seems to balance the pushing force, eventually overpowering it, causing it to slow down until it eventually stops, reaching a state of uniform velocity which is equal to zero. After analyzing the results, I found that there was a slight stability in the results obtained in the repeats. I have also noticed that the recorded times for the blocks passage by each marker or checkpoint each time. There seems to be a pattern in the graph as the results when linked with each other, provide a straight line which is quite rare to obtain. Closer analysis showed that the first graph which was for the blocks sliding across a marble surface had a line which was straight all the way to the end, while the second graph which was for the sliding of the wooden block along a wooden surface starts off straight, but towards the end, curves upwards slightly. This incline indicates a sudden change in the balancing of the forces. And since the incline is upwards, this suggests that the pushing force has been out-powered by the opposing force. I believe the situation to be so because the upwards incline suggests the increase in time consumption, which indicates that the pushing force which started off quite powerful and slightly stronger than the opposing force, enabling it to reach this point. But the force has been worn off in the long journey, and eventually, the acceleration of the block starts to decrease which indicates retardation. This retardation results in a weakening of force, which causes the pushing force to weaken, con sequently, it is over-powered by the resisting/opposing force. This proves my theory as I have theoretically stated that: The rougher the surface, the higher the friction, and consequently, the more time is consumed for the block to reach the markers. While the smoother the surface, the less the friction, and consequently, the less time is consumed. With reference to my results, we can see that on the marble surface, the block of wood reached the 70cm marker, that is, with the force that was applied. While the block of wood did not exceed the 60cmmarker on the wooden surface. This suggests that there was a greater opposing force provided by the wooden surface than that which was provided by the Marble surface. Closer studying to the surface enabled me to gather that the marble surface was indeed slightly smoother than the wooden surface. Scientifically, I would say this because the marble is one smooth surface, but the wood consists of fibres (I saw this using a magnifying glass), which cause the block to, slow down. I also thought of looking at the base of the block (I have been catapulting it on the same side), I found it was slightly darker than the other faces (of the cube) and that there were some splinters of wood sticking out of it which were not there when I started. This shows that there was indeed friction and that there certainly was some heat produced. Also, the block was made of the same kind of wood as that of the surface, which could be the cause of the great friction. Its like when we push our two hands upon each other, and try to slide one of them, its quite hard! You will eventually succeed, but by that time, you will have exerted a lot of energy, and anyway, you are applying more force every second by your muscles, and thats to complete the task. But place your two hands the same two hands!) On an icy surface; they will slide pretty easily, and you will probably find a hard time trying to stop them. This is exactly the case, the wooden block is pulled tightly towards the wooden surface by gravity, and as the two surfaces are from the same material, they will stop after a short time. This is because they are of the same material, they are pulled close together by gravity, and the force applied is not renewed. While when we placed the block of wood on the marble surface, we succeeded in making it reach a farther marker than on the wood. This is mainly because the marble surface is quite smooth, (it resembles ice in a way), and has no fragments sticking out f it (splinters), this makes a pretty slippery surface for the block of wood. I have stated previously that gravity plays an important role in this investigation; I have stated that the pull of gravity on the surface and block, cause them to stick close to each other, which plays an important role as this increases the friction, and consequently affects the terminal velocity (speed) of the block. We also know that the mass (size/weight) of the block determines the size of the gravitational pull on the block. We also know that acceleration = Force X Mass. I have therefore decided to weigh the block using an automatic scale, and found that it weighed: 50grams. I have also referred to the following Formula: F1F2 Then movement is present in the direction of F1. F1=F2, Then there is no motion/movement. In this formula, F1 indicates the force applied, the pushing force, while F2 indicates the opposing force. The above graphs are both for the velocity of the block of wood on both of the surfaces. To find the velocity, I had to refer to a formula which linked the speed with the distance and the time; Velocity = Distance / time. With reference to this formula, I managed to calculate the velocity of the block of wood on each of the surfaces. By observing the first graph, which is for the marble surface, we notice that the curve is slightly off-line, which indicates a problem with the investigation. But overall, it represents a curved line which starts at a low speed, and gradually the velocity increases, reaching its maximum as 78cm at the 4th marker (40). It then starts to slow down, but gradually. Unfortunately, I could not apply any greater pushing force on the cube so as to gain more results by it reaching the 100cm marker, because it would then have been an unfair test. We therefore notice that the graph (line) does not extend to the Zero line, which it should have done theoretically. We then observe the second (or in this case the 4th) graph, which is for the velocity of the wooden block on the wooden surface. We notice that the line (curve) is somewhat smoother than the other. If we looked at it more closely, we notice that the left side of the curve is a straight line directly from the zero, (indicated by red dotted line). The line reaches its maximum at 80cm at the 4th marker (40). This means that both the surfaces do not have any dramatic effect upon the block of wood until the 4th marker. This is of course with the exception of the maximum velocity of both surfaces which depends upon the material itself. Looking past the 4th marker, we notice that the 1st graph (3rd) starts to go off-line slightly which could be an anomaly, or could be due to one of the problems I intend to identify in my evaluation. But then, the line goes off at a straight line at an angle of approximately 195o. That is of course with reference to the theory that the line shall stay straight until it reaches the 0 line, which indicates a non-velocity state. This means that the line would probably have had to reach a 200 marker. But of course, there seems to be an anomaly as the line is not 100%straight. On the 2nd graph (4th), we notice that the line, after the 4th marker, seems to incline downwards, towards the 0 line on the X-axis, though, it is slightly steeper than the first graph, as it seems to be inclining at an angle of approx. 200o. This indicates that the marble surface is a less frictional surface in comparison with the wooden surface. I have gathered this because the line of the wooden block after the 4th marker is steeper than the line for the marble surface which is after the 4th marker. This mean that if we were to observe the graphs theoretically, we would find that the line for the marble surface would cover a greater distance, approx. 200cm (2.00m), while the steepness of the line for the wooden surface indicates that it would touch the zero line (X-axis) sooner than the line for the marble surface, I believe that the line for the wooden block will cover approx. a distance of 150cm (1.5m). With reference to the above information, I gather that the wooden block shall cover a greater distance on the marble surface than on the wooden surface, provided that the force applied is sufficient enough to enable the block of wood to cover the distance assigned. This is of course due to the high friction of the wooden surface which exceeds the frictional force of thee marble surface noticeably. With respect to the above statements, there is one contradiction; the maximum speed covered by the block on the wooden surface exceeds the maximum speed covered by the same block on the marble surface. That is by several centimetres (the unit of measuring velocity in this assignment). I have tried to find a scientific explanation for this phenomenon which outlaws any of the conclusions I have reached, but I was unsuccessful. We therefore conclude that the block of wood moved more smoothly on the marble surface. This proves my theory which stated that; the rougher the surface, the higher the friction, and consequently, the more time is consumed for the block to reach the markers. While the smoother the surface, the less the friction, and consequently, the less time is consumed. I therefore gathered that the Rougher the surface, the more the opposing force, and consequently, the more friction and heat are produced. Yet, the smoother the surface, the less the opposing force, and the less the friction and heat resulted. This also proves my prediction which was based on the information I had gathered previously and which stated: I predict that the marble shall prove a very good surface close to ice which will enable the block to shoot across it like a bullet fired from a gun, this is because the marble surface is quite smooth, and also quite slippery, which indicates a low level of frequency. Yet, I predict t hat the 7mm thick carpet and the wooden surface shall prove to have very high friction, and thus, the block shall not be able to cover the complete distance of 1.00metres on that surface, especially with the force applied. This is of course with reference to the data stated above. We also gather that friction is the property that objects have which makes them resist being moved across one another. If two objects are placed one on top of the other, the top object can be lifted without any resistance except that of gravity. But if one object is pushed or pulled along the surface of the other, there is a resistance caused by friction. With reference to the information I have gathered; the value of the C.F depends on The type of surfaces moving against each other. This relates to what I have stated previously regarding the type of surface, and for which I have provided an example using the hands. I have concluded the above after referring to detailed scientific information and also after closely analysing the results and evidence I have obtained. I therefore believe that I have done what was asked of me and that I have performed the task I was assigned and have succeeded in proving my theory, prediction and procedure to be accurate, correct, and reliable. Also by referring to the second graph which is for the wooden surface; we notice that the straight line curves towards the end (upwards), which suggests a sudden change in the balancing of the pushing and the opposing forces. Scientifically, this suggests retardation, and the curve indicates that the block suddenly started to lose the force applied to it. It started off with uniform retardation, and then suddenly started to stop several seconds faster than when it had started. This means that the wooden surface is slightly rougher than the marble surface, and that it provides friction that is slightly more (higher) than that provided by the marble surface. I believe that this is what I was asked to prove. Below is a diagram showing the forces available in this investigation: I have performed this investigation to a good standard, and believe that the results I have obtained are good enough and are sufficient as they have enabled me to prove my theory, prediction and procedure. They have also enabled me to prove what was asked of me. I wish to annotate the procedure I have followed because though I have performed it to a good standard, there are still some flaws in it and I still believe that it could be performed at a standard that would be better, well, no body is perfect. After finishing my investigations, I found that the block was slightly darker than when I started, this indicates that the surface may well not have been clean. This indicates that there were dust particles available on the surface, and as dust particles are sharp (when observed under the microscope) and have rough edges, it is therefore believed that they would cause a big difference in my results as their rough surfaces interfere with my investigation. I believe this because as the wood block is sliding across the surface, I am investigating the effect that the surface itself has on the terminal velocity of the block. With the presence of sharp-edged dust particles in the middle (between the surface and the wooden block), more friction and heat are acquired through the dust particles, which slow down the block moderately. Therefore, if I was to perform this investigation once again, I intend to guarantee the cleanliness of the surface I am working on. Another thing was the presence of wooden splinters small, but seen, on both the wooden surface, and the side of the block I was working on. These splinters most certainly would have interfered with my investigation and results. I believe this because the splinters would be between the surface and the block, causing more friction, and therefore slowing down the block, thus affecting the acceleration of this block, and giving me inaccurate results. The next time, I intend to ensure that the surface lack any external effects which might alter my investigation, for the worst. Something else was that the marble was not just one straight block which would have been quite suitable for this particular investigation. In fact, it was a working bench, and it was made up of several tiles. (The tiles had a smooth surface without any drawing or grooves on). The small cracks between each tile might well have affected the velocity of the block; causing it to slow down before reaching the desired marker. This would have given me some false results and would have caused the time consumed to be several seconds more than what it actually should have been. If I was to perform this investigation another time, I would try my best to use one whole tile of marble instead of several tiles, and this should provide me with some results which are more reliable. I was using my naked eye to stop the watch once the block passed the marker, so I could possibly have stopped the watch before the block actually passed the marker, or I could have started the watch several tierces (1 hundredth of a second) after letting go of the rubber band, which means that the timing was not 100% accurate. If I was to perform this investigation again; I would use one of the following: A) Light gates, B) Interrupt Card, C) Or a ticker timer. Any of the above methods would provide me with some reliable results which would be more accurate than the results I have obtained. By observing Graph A; the graph for the marble surface, the result for the 40cm marker is slightly of the line, but as I said previously this could well be due to the dust particles which were on the surface, or could also be due to the splinters available on the faces of the wooden block. It could also be due to my method of timing, either way, if I was to perform the investigation another time, by altering the errors I have identified previously, I look forward to some results which are anomaly-free, and that also contain no errors. By observing Graph B; the graph for the wooden surface, we notice that the straight line curves towards the end, which suggests a sudden change in the balancing of the pushing and the opposing forces. Scientifically, this suggests retardation, and the curve indicates that the block suddenly started to lose the force applied to it. It started off with uniform retardation, and then suddenly started to stop several seconds faster than when it had started. This means that the wooden surface is slightly rougher than the marble surface, and that it provides friction that is slightly more (higher) than that provided by the marble surface. I believe that this is what I was asked to prove. We also notice that there is a semi-anomaly; the result fir the 30cm is slightly out of line, it is slightly lower than where it should be, this could be due to one of the external factors that I have stated previously, or it could be due to some other factor that I have been unable to identify using the tools available to us. I have tried my best to identify the factors which could have affected my investigation and consequently, my results. That is of course with the equipment provided to us. If there are any other factors which I have failed to identify, that would be because of the tools provided to us. Though, I doubt that there are any other factors that could be identified using other apparatus. Overall, I believe that I have performed this investigation to a good standard, and that I have succeeded in proving my theory and prediction. I also believe that I have done what was asked of me, and proved that frictional forces are surface dependant. I have proved it with reference to my knowledge, to external, advanced information, and also with reference to my investigation. Though I have performed this investigation to a fairly good standard, I believe that it could be better and that by performing this investigation again after altering the errors I have stated above, I would be able to provide sufficient evidence and proof which is undoubted and accurate by 99%. I say this because no matter how hard I try, the equipment provided to us are not that advanced, and therefore, there will always be better methods with results which are more accurate than what I have obtained. I have therefore performed this investigation as best as I could, and hope that the results and information I have gathered are sufficient.

An Introduction To Encryption And Decryption

An Introduction To Encryption And Decryption CHAPTER 1 This thesis proposes a VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) design of Encryption and Decryption Algorithm for Data. In this chapter, the challenges of cryptography is firstly presented. This chapter also briefly discusses the problem definition, scope of work and the thesis objectives are also highlighted.Finally, the chapter end with the chapter organization. The dissertation presentation is provided at the end 1.1 An introduction to Encryption and Decryption, a type of cryptography Encryption and Decryption, a type of cryptography, refers to the process of scrambling information so that the observer cannot be detecting the data. Cryptographic key is a piece of data used to encrypt or decrypt to plaintext. (Alex Brennen V., 2004) The Crypto, from the word cryptographic mean is it has its origins in the Greek word KRUOTOS, which means hidden. Thus the objective of cryptography is to hide information so that only the intended recipient can read it.[2] . Cryptographic is a protocol or method of performing encryption and decryption (Alex Brennen V., 2004). There are two types of cryptographic: symmetric and asymmetric key. Figure 1.1 is example a symmetric cryptographic has a single key, which is used for both encrypting and decrypting information. Data Encryption and Decryption is a well-known example of symmetric cryptographic. In symmetric cryptographic, public-key cryptographic uses complementary pair of keys to divided the process of encryption and decryption. This process is shown in Figure 1.2. This part is discuss about the symmetric-key cryptographic only.[3]. The proposed projects is to create the algorithms where it is use to convert of information, rearranging the original massage produce output referred as ciphertext Plaintext Plaintext Ciphertext Key Figure 1.1: Symmetric Cryptographic Plaintext Plaintext Ciphertext Encryption Key and Decryption Key Figure 1.2: Public-Key Cryptographic 1.2 Problem Statement At present there are many encryption and decryption, especially in the communication system provided in a variety of application. Encryption and decryption is particularly impacted in the field of military communications and reliable security data to protection for transmitting. This ciphertext is used in the military is to send information such as direction, strategy, secret codes and other information that can not be know by the national foe during the war.[4] Creating this system is the process by which information can not be detect by the national foe. The information can not be recognizing by the national foe because this system is using the process to encrypt data and decrypt data. [4] 1.3 Scopes of Work Based on available software resources, limited time frame and expertise, this research project is narrowed down to the following scope of work: 1. The project is only to design fixed 64-bit input of data block size, 64-bit output of data block size and 56-bit of key size based on an Encryption and Decr yption algorithm . 2. The projects is limited to design, to synthesis, to simulate and to verify the design in Altera Quartus II software. Objective The project are to create a system that can protect electronic data (secret information) which Consist of encryption and decryption process and to fully design an encryption and decryption algorithm using VHDL. The objectives of this project are

Creativity and innovation at greenpeace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Creativity and innovation at greenpeace - Essay Example While implementing any sustainable strategy, an organization has to closely analyze its resources and capabilities such as culture, diversity, human capital, innovation and creativity, as if they are durable, transferable and replicable or not. Creativity and innovation among organizations usually occurs through development and implementation of new mechanisms in a non-traditional way. Any organizational environment constitutes a social and a cultural aspect called the field and the domain respectively. According to Csikszentmihalyi (1999), â€Å"creativity occurs when a person makes a change in a domain, a change that will be transmitted through time†. Creativity is essentially a two way process in which people must interact with the field and the domain to achieve certain level of novel variation. The person with specific set of talents and experiences transmits the body of knowledge in context of the cultural system (domain). The social system (field) then evaluates innovat ion and retains the selected creativeness in context of the domain. For instance, there are people in the field of modern art who decide whether the new paintings deserve to be purchased, collected and added to the domain or not. Amabile (1998) suggests that â€Å"within every individual, creativity is a function of three components: expertise, creative-thinking skills, and motivation† illustrated in figure 01. In any organization, however, managers are fully capable of influencing these components via workplace practices and conditions. The intellectual, procedural and technical knowledge comprises the expertise. The novel and unique ways in which people approach certain issues come under the creative-thinking skills component, and the inner spirit and devotion required for tackling or solving a particular issue forms the motivation component. Factors such as challenge, freedom, resources, work-group features, supervisory encouragement, and organizational support affect crea tivity and can be analyzed to enhance creativity in organizations. It is important to note here that some systemic practices are existent which may also kill creativity. Figure 01: The Three Components of Creativity. Source: (Amabile, 1998) According to West and Farr (1990), innovation is â€Å"the intentional introduction and application within a job, work team or organization of ideas, processes, products or procedures which are new to that job, work team or organization and which are designed to benefit the job, the work team or organization†. The process of innovation encompasses both the development of a concept and effective translation of that concept into practice. All organizations are capable of being innovative to certain extent depending on the sources of innovation and many of them consider creativity and innovation as part of their competitive strategies. If a change is beneficial, intentional and novel, it can be rightly regarded as innovation. Economic activit ies are mostly dependent on finite and limited set of natural resources present on earth. Overexploitation of these limited resources is continuously threatening the global economy, which at its core is embedded in the environment. Industries worldwide are depleting resources of the earth not taking into account the provision of relatively free ecosystem services. The changing patterns of resource scarcity have given rise to a new business model known as Natural Capitalism. According to Lovins et al. (1999), â€Å"

A Humble Proposal for Handling Muslim Immigrants in Germany Essay

A Humble Proposal for Handling Muslim Immigrants in Germany - Essay Example The given paper will prove that Muslims suffer from outrageous discrimination and oppression in German society, which is the blatant violation of human rights established by some United Nations conventions, and propose a solution to the problem basing on German laws. We cannot overlook the fact that compared to other European countries, Germany provides a relatively wide range of opportunities for immigrants’ employment, but Muslim immigrants face barriers in employment related to their religion and ethnicity, which endangers their welfare and ability to earn their living in the host country (Muehe 21). German employers show profound bias in their policy because they would rather prefer to hire a German than an immigrant worker. This unfair policy seems controversial, for â€Å"since the 1990s, analysts have pointed to Germany's ongoing need for immigrants to bolster economic development and maintain a dynamic workforce, given the rapid aging of the country's population† (Oezcan). In other words, do not Muslim workers deserve equal employment prospects after all they have done for Germany? Moreover, Muslims experience vast cultural and religious discrimination in the German environment, which gradually forces them to integrate and assimilate via various sadistic language courses and governmental integration programs. German government first admits Muslim immigrants into the country and then considers five or six million of them a problem that needs to be handled. Muslims experience blatant rejection of their religion and are virtually forced to hide their Islamic centers in unmarked buildings on the outskirts of the cities (Brenner), and the number of mosques in Germany is unbelievably small: Berlin, the great capital if this tolerant state hosts only four big mosques! Muslims are violently persecuted by anti-fundamentalist activists of German descent: for instance, peaceful Salafists, who were earlier seen on their noble mission of patrolling German cities’ neighborhoods, are constantly attacked by Germans.